ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Integration of tumor microenvironment and metabolic signatures reveals TMPI-defined prognostic and immunotherapy-relevant phenotypes in breast cancer.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Breast cancer heterogeneity presents a significant challenge for effective diagnosis and treatment. A deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its metabolic dynamics is essential for addressing this complexity. This study explored the interplay between TME components and metabolic profiles in breast cancer using RNA sequencing data from both bulk and single-cell analyses. Methods: Transcriptomic data and corresponding clinical information for breast cancer patients were obtained from TCGA and GEO databases. qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for experimental validation. Data analyses were conducted using R software. Results: A high-risk phenotype was identified based on 36 interconnected genes primarily associated with the TME and metabolic processes. This phenotype demonstrated enrichment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the interplay between metabolism and the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. TMPI captures the prognostically relevant dimension of TME-metabolism crosstalk and may serve as a useful framework for patient stratification, characterization of tumor immune phenotypes, and therapeutic targeting, particularly in HER2+ and Luminal B breast cancers.
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