ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
iNOS is a key mediator of anti-PD-1 melanoma therapy response.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its product nitric oxide (NO) were historically linked to poor melanoma outcomes, yet recent evidence shows NO supports anti-tumor immunity. This study examines how iNOS shapes anti-PD-1 efficacy, particularly through interferon signaling. Methods: B16-D5 melanoma tumors were implanted in wild-type (WT) and iNOS knockout (KO) mice to compare tumor growth and response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Flow cytometry, apoptosis assays, and RNA sequencing assessed NO production, PD-L1 expression, and interferon-related gene activation. Results: Tumors grew significantly faster in iNOS KO mice, and anti-PD-1 therapy had no effect, demonstrating that iNOS-derived NO contributes to treatment efficacy. NO donors inhibited melanoma proliferation and induced apoptosis Conclusion: iNOS-derived NO is necessary for effective anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma, promoting interferon signaling and immune activation. Loss of iNOS impairs tumor control and immune responsiveness, supporting NO as a potential biomarker and therapeutic adjunct to be explored while challenging assumptions about its deleterious role in melanoma.
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