ReviewCells2026
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as Programmable Immune Interfaces: Surface and Cargo Engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy and Tolerance.
Review in Cells, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Engineering MSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Cargo Delivery to the Injured Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that mediate intercellular communication in the immune system by transferring proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Their biocompatibility, nanoscale size, and capacity for cell-type-selective delivery have stimulated growing interest in engineering EVs as therapeutic platforms. In this review, we discuss recent advances in EV engineering for immune regulation, focusing on surface display, cellular targeting, and cargo loading strategies. A central concept is that engineered EVs should not be viewed simply as delivery vehicles, but as programmable immune interfaces. EVs can integrate antigen specificity, target-cell recognition, therapeutic cargo delivery, and defined immunostimulatory or tolerogenic signals within a single nanoscale particle. By combining these modular elements, engineered EVs can be designed to direct immune responses in a context-dependent manner. We examine how this principle is being applied to cancer immunotherapy, immune suppression, and antigen-specific tolerance induction, including antigen-presenting EVs, cytotoxic and RNA-loaded EVs, checkpoint-modulatory EVs, MSC-derived EVs, and engineered platforms for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss the clinical translation of engineered EV therapeutics, with emphasis on manufacturing, characterization, potency assays, biodistribution, safety, and regulatory challenges. Together, current advances suggest that programmable EV immune interfaces may provide a versatile foundation for next-generation cancer immunotherapy and antigen-specific immune regulation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.