ArticlePhysical activity and nutrition2026
Energy intake and expenditure of Japanese male soccer, long-distance running, and road cycling athletes across multiple teams.
Article in Physical activity and nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to estimate the energy expenditure, intake, and balance of Japanese athletes to assess their intake of carbohydrate, protein, and fat as energy sources.
methodsNinety male soccer players, long-distance runners, and road cyclists who belonged to multiple teams were included in this study. The study period covered one training day and one rest day. The energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were assessed using food photographs and food records. Energy expenditure was calculated using metabolic equivalent and physical activity level based on practice questionnaires. Energy balance was calculated by subtracting the energy expenditure from the energy intake.
resultsThe median values (25th-75th percentile) for energy balance on training day were negative: soccer, -767 (-1,079-98) kcal/day; long-distance running, -367 (-907-169); and road cycling, -948 (-2,577-329). The median daily carbohydrate intake were 5.0 (4.3-6.2), 6.4 (5.2-7.1), and 8.3 (6.6-10.0) g/kg for soccer, long-distance running, and road cycling, respectively.
conclusionOur results indicated that the energy balance on training day may have been negative for the Japanese soccer players, long-distance runners, and road cyclists. Considering training time, carbohydrate intake was insufficient or tended to be insufficient compared to the recommended amounts for athletes. These findings should be incorporated into the development of nutritional support strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.