ArticleCureus2026
Cellular Glucose Transport and Inflammatory Blood Markers in Rheumatoid Arthritis Spectrum: An Immunometabolic Perspective.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasingly recognized as an immunometabolic disorder. This study evaluated whether glucose-handling markers, including glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and hexokinase 2 (HK2), and circulating inflammatory markers differed between RA cases and healthy controls and whether these markers were associated with DAS28-based disease activity in an exploratory secondary analysis.
methodsA retrospective secondary analysis was conducted using data from 160 participants, comprising 80 cases and 80 controls. Variables included demographic characteristics, fasting glucose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), GLUT1, and HK2. Nonparametric tests were used for group comparisons, and Spearman's correlation was used to assess within-case associations.
resultsCases demonstrated significantly higher GLUT1 and HK2 levels than controls (both p < 0.001), along with elevated ESR, interleukin-6, SAA, NLR, and PLR. HK2 was significantly higher in high-activity than moderate-activity cases (p = 0.037), whereas GLUT1 was not. Within-case correlations were weak and nonsignificant.
conclusionThese findings support a measurable immunometabolic signature in RA. HK2 may show exploratory association with DAS28-based activity categories; however, prospective validation is required before clinical application.
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