ReviewCureus2026
The Management of Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA) Nodules: A Scoping Review and Evidence-Mapped Clinical Pathway.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a collagen-stimulating, biodegradable filler used for facial rejuvenation and body contouring. Though relatively safe, PLLA-related nodule formation and granulomatous reactions remain significant clinical complications with no adequate evidence-based management guidelines. This scoping review aims to summarize the available literature on the prevention, diagnosis, classification, and management of PLLA-associated nodules and to propose an evidence-based management pathway. The present study conducted a PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews)-compliant scoping review by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from 2000 through April 2026. Inclusion criteria included all studies reporting PLLA-related nodules. A total of 40 studies were identified as eligible, including case reports, case series, retrospective cohorts, RCTs, systematic reviews, and expert consensus statements. Nodule formation appeared to be linked to various factors such as the dilution protocol, injection technique, reconstitution method, and injection depth. Clinical phenotype identification revealed four phenotypes: non-inflammatory, inflammatory-immunologic, infectious-biofilm, and other unusual presentations. Useful diagnostic aids included ultrasound and high-frequency ultrasound, and histopathological confirmation was recommended for atypical presentations. Various management techniques included conservative management, intranodular corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, antibiotics, immunotherapy, and surgery. The present study proposes a four-phenotype classification and a six-step evidence-based management algorithm for PLLA nodule presentation. Effective management appears to begin with prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.