ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2026
Hemagglutination Inhibition and Alternate Serologic Responses Following Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A colorimetric readout based on the PrestoBlue® dye as an objective method for measuring neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus in human serum samples.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Hemagglutination Inhibition and Alternate Serologic Responses Following Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer remains the gold standard correlate of protection against influenza, it does not fully capture the broader antibody responses that contribute to immunity.
methodsWe analyzed immune responses in paired pre-infection and convalescent sera from 306 RT-PCR-confirmed A(H3N2) infections from two household studies (2014-2018) in Managua, Nicaragua. Antibody responses were measured by HAI and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against full-length hemagglutinin (HA), the HA stalk, and neuraminidase (NA). Participants were classified as HAI responders (≥ 4-fold HAI rise), alternate responders (no HAI rise but ≥ 4-fold boost in ≥ 1 ELISA), or no-response individuals (no ≥ 4-fold rise in any assay). We compared demographic, clinical, and pre-infection antibody characteristics across these groups. We also analyzed predictors of an NA response.
resultsOverall, 77% of participants had HAI seroconversion or a fourfold rise. Among the 23% HAI non-responders, 62% had alternate antibody responses. No-response individuals had the highest pre-infection HAI and full-length HA titers (p < 0.01), the lowest viral loads, and the lowest frequency of fever or influenza-like illness symptoms (p < 0.01). An NA response was more common among symptomatic individuals and moderate baseline titers, with both low and high extremes reducing NA response odds.
conclusionsHigh baseline HAI titers can limit detectable fourfold rises and are associated with milder illness. Evaluating additional immune responses may capture a more complete picture of the host response to infection, thereby improving surveillance and informing vaccine development.
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