Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42437268›Full record

ReviewLancet regional health. Americas2026

Economic burden of adult mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: a scoping review of healthcare-related charges and costs.

Kathleen R Ran, David J Caldwell, Phiroz E Tarapore, Cathra Halabi, Alexander A Aabedi, Maria C V Velasco, Rajiv Saigal, Anthony M DiGiorgio, Michael C Huang, H E Hinson and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Lancet regional health. Americas, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Kathleen R RanDepartment of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
David J CaldwellDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Phiroz E TaraporeDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Cathra HalabiWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alexander A AabediDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Maria C V VelascoDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Rajiv SaigalDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anthony M DiGiorgioDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Michael C HuangDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
H E HinsonWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Geoffrey T ManleyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
John K YueDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for 80-90% of all traumatic brain injuries, yet its economic burden remains poorly characterized. We synthesized direct healthcare charges and costs associated with mTBI in the United States (U.S.). A PubMed search through October 14, 2025 identified primary studies reporting direct healthcare-related charges or costs among adults with mTBI. All estimates were standardized to 2025 U.S. dollars. Twenty-one studies (1996-2023) out of 3300 screened (0.64%) met inclusion criteria. Index hospitalization costs ranged from $3984 to $31,316 and remained stable over time, whereas national hospital charges increased from $26,021 (mean, standard deviation (SD) $1895) in 1996 to more than $172,080 in recent reports. First-year healthcare costs ranged from $16,898 to $29,045 in civilian populations and reached $182,094 (mean, SD $161,743) in military rehabilitation settings. These findings indicate mTBI imposes substantial costs beyond initial hospitalization and highlight growing financial pressures on trauma systems.

Indexed as

Delivery of health careHealthcare costsHealthcare utilizationHospital chargesTraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID42437268
PMCPMC13355770

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.