ArticleGeriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation2026
Incidence and Related Risk Factors of Pulmonary Complications After Spinal Fusion Surgery: A Retrospective Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Study.
Article in Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are common surgical complications and have a significant cost impact. However, the incidence, risk factors, and cost burden of US health care associated with PPCs after spine fusion surgery have not been comprehensively analyzed through large national databases. Methods: A retrospective analysis utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2010 to 2019. Adult patients (≥18 years) undergoing spinal fusion were identified via ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM procedural codes. PPCs-defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory failure (ARF), pulmonary embolism, or pulmonary edema-were identified by diagnostic codes. Multivariate and stratified logistic regression analyses examined overall and subtype-specific risk factors. Results: Among 812,609 patients, 17,121 (2.11%) developed PPCs, including 9,591 (1.18%) with ARF, 7,376 (0.91%) with pneumonia, 2,159 (0.27%) with pulmonary embolism, and 553 (0.07%) with pulmonary edema. The overall PPCs' rate increased from 2014 to 2019, driven primarily by rising ARF incidence. Patients with PPCs had longer hospital stays (9 vs. 3 days), higher total charges ($197,994 vs. $85,233), and greater in-hospital mortality (5.82% vs. 0.08%, all P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified advanced age (≥75: OR = 1.86), multiple comorbidities (OR = 10.98), pulmonary circulation disorders (OR = 11.38), continuous trauma ventilation (OR = 13.34), and septicemia (OR = 14.34) as high-risk factors. Stratified analyses revealed distinct risk profiles: impaired pulmonary reserve and frailty were associated with pneumonia and ARF; venous thromboembolism risk factors with pulmonary embolism; and cardiac, renal, and fluid-related disorders with pulmonary edema. Protective factors included female sex (OR = 0.70), elective admission (OR = 0.32), lumbar fusion (OR = 0.76), and private insurance (OR = 0.89). Conclusion: PPCs after spinal fusion are increasing, primarily due to rising ARF rates. These complications exhibit clinically distinct risk profiles that support subtype-specific assessment and individualized prevention strategies targeting pulmonary reserve, thromboembolic risk, and cardiopulmonary vulnerability.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.