ArticleBMC veterinary research2026
The erection of two subgenera for Metarhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1959 (Acanthocephala: Isthmosacanthida) with a redescription of Metarhadinorhynchus (Metarhadinorhynchus) indicus in India.
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Abstract
backgroundAdult Metarhadinorhynchus indicus (Bhattacharya & Banerjee, 2003) Kita, Nitta, Kajihara, 2024 were originally described from Megalaspis cordyla (Linn.) in the Chennai coast, Tamil Nadu, India as Gorgorhynchoides indicus Bhattacharya & Banerjee, 2003. The genus Gorgorhynchoides Cable and Linderoth, 1963 was later synonymized with the genus Metarhadinorhynchus Yamaguti 1959.
resultsWe accept the synonymies involving 15 species of Gorgorhynchoides transferred to Metarhadinorhynchus. Our recognition of the synonymies is partially resolved with the erection of two subgenera: Metarhadinorhynchus (Metarhadinorhynchus) subgen. nov. with 12 species and Metarhadinorhynchus (Cylindratus) subgenus nov. with 3 species based on the presence or absence of anterior trunk swelling, respectively. We have recently collected cystacanths of M. indicus from the Asia seabass, Lates calarifer (Barramundi) off Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. The cystacanths were comparable to the adults in the morphology of the common non-reproductive structures such as proboscis hooks and trunk spines with some variations mostly because of inaccuracies of descriptive statements in the original description. Comparisons are tabulated. Trunk size and reproductive structures varied because of their underdevelopment in the cystacanth stage. The anterior trunk swelling was sufficiently evident to confirm its presence in all stages of M. indicus. The long multinucleated filiform coiling lemnisci were similarly observed and the female genital pore is decidedly dorso-subterminal and not on the ventral side. A tabulated morphological description of the cystacanths and adults jointly constitute the redescription of M. indicus. The molecular characterization of the nuclear gene (18 S) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequence data of Metarhadinorhynchus (Metarhadinorhynchus) indicus is provided for the first time. Sequences from both genes were aligned and compared with other acanthocephalan species available in GenBank.
conclusionsThe phylogenetic analyses supported the establishment of the current species under the genus Metarhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1959. Additionally, in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Metarhadinorhynchus, phylogenetic analyses were performed integrating different gene (18 S + cox1) sequence data using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Our data supplement the molecular data for species description in the most reliable taxonomic frameworks alongside traditional morphological analysis.
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