ArticleBMC biotechnology2026
Development and in vitro evaluation of teicoplanin PEGylated (TEC-PEGylated) niosomes for antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA).
Article in BMC biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) is a prominent pathogen in burn wound infections, mainly known for biofilm formation. Recently, infections associated with antibiotic-resistant VISA isolates have increasingly posed life-threatening risks. Accordingly, there is an urgent necessity to investigate and develop efficient strategies against the rapid spread of VISA strains in the healthcare system. In this research, a niosomal drug delivery system was developed using the thin-film hydration method and then surface‑modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Teicoplanin (TEC) was further incorporated into PEGylated niosome (TEC-PEGylated niosome), and key physicochemical properties, including encapsulation efficiency (EE %), drug release profile, particle size, surface zeta charge, morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), and 30-day stability were measured. The antimicrobial potential of TEC-PEGylated niosome against five VISA strains isolated from burn wounds was investigated by determining the minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) and the time-kill assay. Furthermore, the anti-biofilm properties of the synthesized niosomal formulation were evaluated with a microtiter-plate (MTP) method and compared to those of free drug. FE-SEM results revealed that the niosomal formulation had spherical morphology with an approximate size of 250 nm. Hydrodynamic size, surface zeta charge, and EE% of the formulated niosomes were found be 278.8 ± 5.0 nm, + 9.5 ± 3.4 mV, and 65.9% ± 1.6, respectively. Also, TEC-PEGylated niosome demonstrated a significantly improved antibacterial ability compared to free drug. Additionally, TEC-PEGylated niosome effectively inhibited the biofilm formation capacity in all VISA strains. It was concluded that synthesized niosomal system could be an effective drug delivery system owing to several advantageous characteristics, including sustained-release profiles, acceptable stability, and other desirable features. These properties enable PEGylated niosomes to effectively deliver a diverse array of antimicrobial agents, including TEC. This capability could present a promising novel strategy for addressing burn infections, particularly those caused by VISA strains.
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