ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Association between the dietary inflammatory index and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The study aimed to examine the association between late-pregnancy Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and pregnancy outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), offering evidence for dietary risk stratification in this high-risk group. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted, enrolling 295 GDM women who received antenatal care in Fujian Province between January and July 2023, with subsequent follow-up until delivery. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to calculate DII, which was grouped into Tertile 1 (T1), Tertile 2 (T2), and Tertile 3 (T3). Pregnancy outcomes and clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Multivariable logistic regression and Firth's penalized logistic regression were applied to assess associations between DII tertiles and eight pregnancy outcomes, adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, primiparity, gestational weight gain, and total energy intake. Restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to evaluate potential non-linear relationships. Results: DII scores ranged from -3.180 to 2.640. Compared to T1, women in T2 had a lower risk of fetal distress in adjusted models [OR = 0.171 (95% CI 0.035-0.848)], while no consistent association was observed for T3. Trend analysis did not indicate a linear relationship between DII and fetal distress. Restricted cubic spline analyses suggested a possible non-linear association. No significant associations were found between DII and other pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: In pregnant women with GDM, the intermediate DII group (T2) was associated with a lower risk of fetal distress compared with the lowest DII group (T1), while no significant associations were observed for other pregnancy outcomes. These findings suggest that dietary inflammatory potential may play a potentially complex role in fetal distress among women with GDM, warranting further investigation and consideration in dietary management.
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