Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42433694›Full record

ArticleJournal of political economy microeconomics2026

Reexamining a Multisite Early Childhood Education Program: Gradual Scale-Up, Birth Spacing, and Parental Investment.

William Dougan, Jorge Luis García, Illia Polovnikov

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of political economy microeconomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

William DouganClemson University.
Jorge Luis GarcíaTexas A&M University. Address: 2935 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
Illia PolovnikovBoston College.

Funding

Synthesizing, Interpreting, and Extrapolating Interventions to Foster Human DevelopmentR01HD103666 · NICHD · NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH · PI JAMES J HECKMAN · 2021 to 2026
$3.0M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD103666
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We reexamine a multisite, randomized, high-quality early childhood education program that unintentionally oversampled twins by targeting premature low-birthweight children. We find that birth spacing determines program effectiveness. For singletons, outcome gains up to age eighteen replicate across sites, and are comparable to gains observed for iconic programs like the Perry Preschool Project. For twins, gains become negative by age eighteen. Program impacts on parental investment (parenting) mediate outcome differences; the program increases parenting for singletons and decreases it for twins. A household production model indicates that the possibility of jointly supplying inputs to twins explains the decrease in parenting.

Identifiers

PMID42433694
PMCPMC13354314

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.