ArticleKidney international reports2026
Autosomal Type IV Collagen Genes Display Sex Differences in Genetic Risk for Hematuria.
Article in Kidney international reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Hematuria is an understudied condition associated with kidney disease and related outcomes. Sex and gender influence many aspects of human health, including kidney traits. However, sex-differential genetic effects, which can be attributed to hormones, gene regulation, and other factors, have not been comprehensively explored. Methods: To identify genetic effects that differ by sex for hematuria, we performed sex-specific genome-wide association analyses in the UK Biobank (UKB), with replication results in 2 independent cohorts: the Million Veteran Program (MVP) and Geisinger MyCode. Sex-differential genetic effects were evaluated using locus-specific sex-by-genotype interaction analysis. We further performed observational analyses between hematuria and sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) in the UKB. Results: We identified significant sex-differential effects in the UKB (Bonferroni-corrected Conclusion: Although males are known to experience more severe kidney disease than females in X-linked Alport syndrome, our findings highlight important sex differential effects in hematuria, where the presence of
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