SynthesisPeerJ2026
Efficacy and safety of Programmed Death Ligand 1 inhibitors
Synthesis in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the first-line treatment of driver mutation-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare efficacy and adverse effects (AEs) between PD-L1 inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the first-line treatment of NSCLC with ICIs alone or in combination with chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and AEs. Results: In total, 28 RCTs involving 14,758 patients were included. Compared with Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors plus chemotherapy, Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors plus chemotherapy were associated with worse OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.13-1.41]; Conclusions: The combination of PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy may provide a significant OS and PFS benefit relative to PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy in NSCLC and a similar safety profile. Meanwhile, PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy appears less likely to result in treatment termination or grade ≥3 AEs than PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.