ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
IL21 is predominantly produced by a CXCL13 associated CD4
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Interleukin-21 (IL21) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine involved in antitumor immune response; however, its cellular source, regulatory program, and functional significance in colorectal cancer remain incompletely understood. Methods: We analyzed tumor-infiltrating T cells from the public single-cell RNA sequencing dataset to characterize IL21 expression patterns in colorectal cancer. External validation was performed using a single-cell cohort of colorectal cancer cells treated with anti-PD-1 neoadjuvant therapy. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining was performed on colorectal cancer tissue microarrays to validate the spatial distribution and cellular origin of IL21. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between IL21 and immune-related cell subsets. SCENIC analysis was performed to identify candidate transcription factors associated with CXCL13-associated CD4 Results: Single-cell analysis showed that IL21 expression was restricted to a limited fraction of tumor-infiltrating T cells and was predominantly enriched in CD4 Conclusions: Our study identifies CXCL13-associated CD4
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