Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42433293›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Clinical Relevant Immunosuppressive Drugs Differentially Modulate Axonal Outgrowth from Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons.

Gunnar H D Poplawski, C Weinholtz, G Woodruff, R Ahmad, W Bunner, Gonzales Rodrigo, M H Tuszynski

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Gunnar H D PoplawskiDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1917-3441
C WeinholtzDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
G WoodruffDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
R AhmadDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
W BunnerCenter for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute at the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA (current address).
Gonzales RodrigoDepatmet of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute at the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
M H TuszynskiDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Funding

The Primate Corticospinal Connectome and Transcriptome - SupplementR01NS104442 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI TUSZYNSKI, MARK H. · 2017 to 2025
$5.7M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS104442
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord, but transplanted cells typically require immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection-even for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived autologous grafts. However, the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration-processes critical for neural circuit reconstruction-have not been fully characterized. In this study, we tested nine clinically relevant immunosuppressants on human iPSC-derived neurons and primary human spinal cord NSCs in vitro at concentrations approximating clinical exposure levels. The drug panel included FK-506 (tacrolimus), cyclosporine A (CsA), rapamycin, belatacept (Nulojix), etanercept (Enbrel), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), prednisone, and azathioprine (Imuran). Neurite outgrowth was quantified via automated high-content imaging. Multiple agents, including CsA, Imuran, Nulojix, and CellCept, induced significant reductions in neurite outgrowth in a cell type- and dose-dependent manner, with

Indexed as

axon growthcyclosporineFK-506hiPSChuman NPCsimmunosuppressionneural graftsregenerationspinal cord injury

Identifiers

PMID42433293
PMCPMC13347252

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.