Observational studyAddiction science & clinical practice2026
Trait impulsivity prospectively predicts lower methadone treatment retention: moderation by pain catastrophizing.
Observational study in Addiction science & clinical practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02941809 (Open-labeled Dose-extending Placebos as an Adjunct to Methadone Treatment), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Open-labeled Dose-extending Placebos as an Adjunct to Methadone Treatment: A Pilot Study
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmpirical evidence supports the use of methadone as the standard of care for opioid use disorder. However, low retention in methadone treatment is one of the largest impediments to treatment success. Although several psychological and personality traits have been associated with substance use disorder, little work has studied the impact of these individual patient factors on addiction treatment outcomes such as treatment retention.
objectivesTo examine the association of methadone retention with trait impulsivity and pain catastrophizing.
methodsWe conducted exploratory analyses of data obtained from a randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials NCT02941809; registration date: 10/19/2016). Participants were adult treatment-seeking women and men diagnosed with moderate to severe opioid use disorder referred for methadone treatment (N = 80; 61% male) at an opioid treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland. Scores on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale were collected following treatment intake, and the total window for observation of treatment retention was 365 days. Retention in methadone treatment was treated as a dichotomous outcome (1/0) based on whether a participant had dropped out of treatment at any point in time or if they missed 30 consecutive days in a row.
resultsCox regression models revealed that: (i) higher impulsivity was associated with a higher risk of dropping out of methadone treatment (i.e. lower treatment retention)[Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.001-1.008, p < .05), and (ii) pain catastrophizing moderated the effect of trait impulsivity on risk of dropping out of methadone treatment, such that the effect of trait impulsivity on risk of dropping out of treatment was greatest in participants with low pain catastrophizing (HR=0.995, p < .01). These findings remained significant after controlling for age and treatment group.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that trait impulsivity is a significant risk factor for low methadone treatment retention, especially for persons with low pain catastrophizing.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02941809 (registration date: 10/19/2016).
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