SynthesisBMC public health2026
Evaluating effectiveness of protective interventions towards environmental contamination among under-five children: systematic review and meta-analysis in Africa.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundUnder-five children have a high vulnerability to environmental contaminants for gastrointestinal tract (GIT), respiratory tract, and skin problems. Effective protective interventions on such cases built future healthy and productive generation. The objective of this review and meta-analysis was evaluating the effectiveness of studies done under protective interventions in reducing environmental contaminants among children of under-five in African countries.
methodComprehensive searches were carried out across multiple databases like PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Searches added from Google search, Google Scholar, African Journals Online (AJOL), and references list until June 30,2025. A PRISMA 2020 flow diagram was used for systematic review. A random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled effect size of the Risk ratio. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I
resultTwenty-seven studies were considered in the systematic review like cohort, case control, experimental studies and eleven RCT studies were included for pooled meta-analysis. Overall pooled effect size of effectiveness of protective interventions on environmental contamination was 59%, I
conclusionThis review evaluating Protective interventions of studies on environmental contaminations among children of under-five in Africa from 2015 to 2024. The meta-analysis identified different protective interventions strategies of WASH-based play yard, improved latrine, safe child feces disposal, treated drinking water at point of use, hand washing with soap at critical time, separated and ventilated kitchen, improved cook stove. Except for skin-related cases having limited interventions, our evaluation on the effectiveness of protective interventions of studies remarkably reduced children's exposure to environmental contamination. More study efforts were needed on such regard.
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