ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Cellular Remodeling of Skeletal Muscle Following Botulinum Toxin A Injection: A Single-Nucleus RNA Sequencing Study.
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundBotulinum toxin type A (BoNT) is widely used in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery, yet its effects on skeletal muscle tissue at the cellular level remain incompletely defined.
methodsPublic single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from murine skeletal muscle (GEO: GSE267910) were reanalyzed, including control, BoNT-treated, denervation, and MuSK knockout models. Cell populations, cellular composition, and cell-type-specific transcriptional changes were systematically evaluated.
resultsSeven major skeletal muscle cell populations were identified. Cell-type identity was preserved across experimental conditions, with no emergence of novel lineages following BoNT injection. BoNT treatment significantly altered cellular composition, characterized by increased fibro-adipogenic progenitors and reduced myonuclei. Transcriptional responses were highly cell-type specific, with prominent changes in fibro-adipogenic progenitors and myonuclei. Compared with denervation, BoNT-induced changes showed relatively limited immune activation.
conclusionsBoNT remodels skeletal muscle primarily by altering the proportion and functional state of existing cell types rather than changing cellular lineage identity, suggesting preservation of cellular lineage identity at the transcriptomic level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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