ArticleBMJ open2026
Complementary feeding indicators among children aged 6-23 months: a cross-sectional study assessing minimum dietary diversity, minimum acceptable diet and dietary patterns in Njombe Town Council, Tanzania.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThis study assessed the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum acceptable diet (MAD) and dietary patterns among children aged 6-23 months in Njombe Town Council.
designCommunity-based cross-sectional study.
settingThis study was conducted in the Njombe Town Council, which is located in the Njombe region in the southern part of Tanzania.
participantsA total of 330 caregivers of children aged 6-23 months were recruited using a multistage probability sampling technique. Data were collected from January to March 2021 using a structured questionnaire adapted from the Process for Promotion of Child Feeding (ProPAN) manual.
interventionsNone. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were the prevalence of MDD, MMF and MAD, assessed according to the 2021 WHO infant and young child feeding indicators. Secondary outcomes included food group consumption and dietary patterns identified using principal component analysis.
resultsA total of 330 caregivers of children aged 6-23 months participated in the current study. Nearly half (43.9%; n=145) were aged between 30 and 49 years, with a mean age of 30.28 years and an SD of ±6.119 years. Only 26.36% of children aged 6-23 months achieved MDD, 71.5% achieved MMF and 18.48% met MAD, with a mean dietary diversity score of 3.35±1.6. Predominant foods included grains, roots and tubers (80.91%) and breast milk (90%), while dairy products were the least consumed (7.27%). Three dietary patterns emerged: cereals, roots and tubers; dairy products and eggs; and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.
conclusionThe MDD and MAD attainment in Njombe Town Council are suboptimal, reflecting reliance on staple foods and limited nutrient-rich options. These findings highlight the need for context-specific interventions, including strengthened nutrition education, promotion of diversified diets and agricultural strategies that improve access to nutrient-dense foods to enhance infant and young child nutrition.
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