Distinct roles of neuronal phenotypes during neurofeedback adaptation.

Learning adaptation allows the brain to refine motor patterns in response to changing environments rapidly. While population-level neural dynamics and single-neuron activity in motor learning have been widely studied, the contributions of individual neuron types remain poorly understood. Here, we employed a brain-machine interface (BMI) task with perturbations of varying difficulty to investigate single-neuron dynamics underlying neurofeedback adaptation in two rhesus macaques. Cortical neurons were classified based on waveform shape into narrow waveform (NW) and broad waveform (BW) categories, representing putative inhibitory interneurons and excitatory pyramidal neurons, respectively. Compared to BW neurons, NW neurons were more active and more strongly involved in the learning process. Moreover, task difficulty modulated neural responsiveness and coordination within both neuron groups, highlighting differential neuron engagement during neurofeedback adaptation. Our findings provide novel insights into single-neuron mechanisms underlying neurofeedback adaptation and emphasize the distinct functional roles of neuronal phenotypes in rapid learning processes.