ArticleInfection2026
Rapid expansion of penA allele 60.001-containing endemic ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcal ST8123 lineage in Hangzhou, China.
Article in Infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeEmergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains expressing penA allele 60.001 poses a major threat to the efficacy of ceftriaxone-based therapies. This study in Hangzhou, China, investigated the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of 479 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected from 2019 to 2025 to track the evolution of this resistance.
methodsAntimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates was determined by agar dilution method. Sequence types were identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on high-level ceftriaxone-resistant isolates.
resultsWhile overall ceftriaxone resistance fluctuated, a significant and alarming resurgence of high-level resistance (MIC ≥ 0.5 mg/L) was observed in 2024 (35%) and 2025 (19%), which was primarily driven by the expansion of strains harboring penA allele 60.001. Genetic characterization revealed a critical epidemiological shift: whereas early penA allele 60.001 isolates (2019-2021) were linked to the internationally disseminated FC428 clone (MLST ST1903), subsequent years witnessed the complete displacement of this clone by successful endemic lineages. From 2022 onwards, the resistant isolates belonged predominantly to ST8123 and, to a lesser extent, ST7365. Whole-genome sequencing and core-genome phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ST8123 forms a genetically distinct clade from ST1903, demonstrating that local, highly prevalent strains have acquired penA allele 60.001 and are now responsible for propagating this critical resistance determinant.
conclusionThe rapid clonal expansion of ceftriaxone-resistant endemic lineages in China underscores an urgent need for enhanced global surveillance and a re-evaluation of current empirical therapy guidelines to mitigate the impending threat of untreatable gonorrhea.
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