SynthesisActa parasitologica2026
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Camelids: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Acta parasitologica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundNeospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes significant reproductive losses in livestock, particularly cattle, yet its epidemiological impact on camelids remains poorly understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled seroprevalence of N. caninum in camelids worldwide and to compare seroprevalence between Old World camels (OWCs) and New World camelids (NWCs).
methodsA systematic literature search was performed in various international databases from January 1, 2000 to December 20, 2025. Eligible studies reported serological detection of N. caninum antibodies in camelid species with extractable seroprevalence data. Pooled seroprevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I
resultsThirty-four studies encompassing 48 datasets met the inclusion criteria, representing 13,784 camelids from 15 countries across five continents. The total dataset included 4,463 OWCs and 9,321 NWCs. The overall pooled seroprevalence of N. caninum in camelids was 9.4% (95% CI: 7.2-12.2%), with substantial heterogeneity among studies (I
conclusionsThis study provides the first global quantitative synthesis of N. caninum seroprevalence in camelids, demonstrating moderate serological exposure based on currently available evidence. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously because of substantial heterogeneity among studies, unequal subgroup representation, and the use of different serological assays and cut-off values. Moreover, the present study assessed serological exposure rather than clinical disease; therefore, no direct association with reproductive disorders can be inferred. Further standardized longitudinal and molecular studies are needed to better clarify the epidemiological and reproductive significance of N. caninum infection in camelids.
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