Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42429469›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of school health2026

Alternative Breakfast Service Models Are Associated With Greater Student School Breakfast Participation: Evidence From Middle and High School Students Across 8 States.

Monica D Zuercher, Dania Orta-Aleman, Cailin D French, Chrisina A Hecht, Kenneth Hecht, Juliana F W Cohen, Punam Ohri-Vachaspati, Anisha I Patel, Lorrene D Ritchie, Wendi Gosliner

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Article in The Journal of school health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Monica D ZuercherNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2758-9807
Dania Orta-AlemanNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8581-8714
Cailin D FrenchNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.
Chrisina A HechtNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.
Kenneth HechtNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.
Juliana F W CohenCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts, USA.
Punam Ohri-VachaspatiCollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Anisha I PatelStanford Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Lorrene D RitchieNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8038-1821
Wendi GoslinerNutrition Policy Institute, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California, USA.

Funding

California General Fund Senate Bill
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEating school breakfast has benefits for students, yet participation remains lower than that of school lunch. This study examined associations between school breakfast service models, self-reported participation, and perceived participation barriers, and whether these associations differed by school level (middle vs. high) and universal school meals policy (with vs. without).

methodsOne thousand ninety-seven middle and high school students were surveyed. Data were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression.

resultsMost students (67%) reported access only to traditional before-school breakfast. Higher odds of participation and lower odds of time-related barriers were found for breakfast in the classroom (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.49, 6.03) and "second chance" breakfast (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.43, 3.00) compared to traditional before-school breakfast only. Grab-and-go options were associated with modestly higher odds of participation (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.01, 1.67) and fewer barriers among high school students. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Breakfast after the bell approaches is associated with higher participation and fewer barriers. These strategies can help ensure more students have reliable access to school breakfast.

conclusionsAlternative school breakfast service models, particularly breakfast in the classroom and "second chance" breakfast, may increase participation and support student nutrition, health, and academic performance.

Indexed as

BreakfastFood ServicesSchoolsStudentsAdolescentChildFemaleHumansMaleUnited Statesalternative school breakfast modelschild nutritionSchool Breakfast Programuniversal school meals

Identifiers

PMID42429469
PMCPMC13353132

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.