Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42428788›Full record

ArticleSouthern African journal of infectious diseases2026

Atypical hepatitis B surface antigen escape mutations in an HIV-positive patient in South Africa.

Menzi B Nkosi, Marije van Schalkwyk, Tongai G Maponga, Yoliswa Z Chili, Devon Muir, Paula R Delport, Susan S Hugo, Zahiera Ismail, Jantjie Taljaard, Gert U van Zyl and 1 more

Abstract readCase Reports
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Southern African journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Menzi B NkosiDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6394-2204
Marije van SchalkwykDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2679-901X
Tongai G MapongaDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-3712
Yoliswa Z ChiliDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2752-4896
Devon MuirDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1867-2705
Paula R DelportDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8895-157X
Susan S HugoDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-8448
Zahiera IsmailDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1510-9629
Jantjie TaljaardDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-9054
Gert U van ZylDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-5101
Wolfgang PreiserDivision of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-7910

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A 44-year-old woman with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), chronic kidney disease and chronic diarrhoea presented with worsening gastrointestinal symptoms and renal impairment. Despite reported adherence, she had HIV viraemia and atypical hepatitis B serology (absence of hepatitis B core antibody and co-existence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody) with high hepatitis B virus DNA. Whole genome sequencing of hepatitis B virus was performed using Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies GridION (ONT, Oxford, United Kingdom). Genotype A infection with HBsAg immune escape mutations D144G/G145E was identified, without drug-resistance mutations. Contribution: Findings are most consistent with hepatitis B virus reactivation following prior natural infection and subsequent loss of immune control.

Indexed as

antiretroviral therapyhepatitis B virusHIVimmune escape mutationsviral reactivationwhole-genome sequencing

Identifiers

PMID42428788
PMCPMC13347856

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.