Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42428570›Full record

ArticleEducational and psychological measurement2026

Reliability of Difference Scores Obtained From Nested Data Within a Multivariate Generalizability Theory Framework.

Rabia Karatoprak Ersen, Won-Chan Lee, Donald B Yarbrough

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Educational and psychological measurement, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Rabia Karatoprak ErsenGESIS-Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8617-1908
Won-Chan LeeThe University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-668X
Donald B YarbroughThe University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and dependability of difference scores computed as the change between a pretest and a posttest administered to assess the effectiveness of an intervention. The data-collection design involved a nested structure, with persons (

Indexed as

dependabilitydifference scoreseducational standardsmultilevel datamultivariate generalizability theoryreliability

Identifiers

PMID42428570
PMCPMC13346105

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.