ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2026
Development and validation of a PEST-based instrument for assessing macro-environmental factors in Olympic athletes' preparation under crisis conditions.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- When performance is not enough: elite sport systems during prolonged crises.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Macro-environmental factors influencing the preparation of the Ukrainian Olympic team: a comparative PEST analysis of the Tokyo 2020 and Paris 2024 cycles.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Understanding how external crises influence elite sport requires context-specific research tools. This study aimed to develop and validate two structured questionnaires based on the PEST framework (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, and Technological) to evaluate macro-environmental factors affecting the preparation of Ukraine's Olympic team in times of instability. Materials and methods: A panel of seven experts in sport science from four countries assessed 55 items (27 for Tokyo 2020 and 28 for Paris 2024) across three dimensions: clarity, relevance, and appropriateness. Ratings were collected using a 5-point Likert scale. The Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) was used to measure item-level agreement. Items scoring below 0.80 were revised and re-assessed after cognitive interviews. Results: Post-revision, all items achieved acceptable CVC values (≥0.80). The average CVC ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, with minimal variation between raters. Expert feedback improved item clarity and relevance. The instrument demonstrated strong content validity. Discussion: The content-validated tools provide a way to assess how political and systemic disruptions affect Olympic preparation. They are ready for further application in longitudinal studies focused on the national sport system in crisis contexts.
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