Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42426761›Full record

ArticleHarm reduction journal2026

Evaluating demographic variation in no-cost naloxone distribution in North Carolina: a cross-sectional survey study.

Grace Marley, Caroline Shubel, Izabela E Annis, Paul L Delamater, Carolyn T Thorpe, Bhoomi Parikh, Bayla Ostrach, Delesha Carpenter

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Harm reduction journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Grace MarleyDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Grace_trull@unc.edu.
Caroline ShubelDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Izabela E AnnisDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Paul L DelamaterDepartment of Geography and Environment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
Carolyn T ThorpeDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Bhoomi ParikhHospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Bayla OstrachDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Delesha CarpenterDivision of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 301 Pharmacy Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Funding

Creating a novel place-based measure to explain racial disparities in naloxone access to reduce opioid overdose deathsR01MD018085 · NIMHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI CARPENTER, DELESHA MILLER · 2022 to 2025
$2.4M
NIMHD NIH HHS R01 MD018085NIMHD NIH HHS R01MD018085
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe objective of this study was to identify naloxone distribution resources, as well as to evaluate potential differences in naloxone distribution by demographic population utilizing a naloxone distribution score.

methodsWe utilized a cross-sectional online survey of potential no-cost naloxone distributors in North Carolina (NC) to identify their program type, where programs distribute no-cost naloxone, and to whom no-cost naloxone distribution was distributed in 2023. This information was utilized to create a naloxone distribution measure at the ZIP code level.

resultsA total of 241 survey responses for programs were identified as distributors of no-cost naloxone to community members in NC. At least one no-cost naloxone distributor served all demographic populations in over 92% of NC ZIP codes. The Non-Hispanic (NH) White group had the highest mean naloxone distribution score of 30.2 (SD = 8.9) across all ZIP codes, suggesting greater distribution to this demographic. After adjusting for the size of the race/ethnicity population in GEE models, all minority race/ethnicity groups had significantly lower naloxone distribution than the NH White group.

conclusionsThe naloxone distribution score calculated suggests NH White populations may be served by no-cost naloxone distributors more frequently when compared to other populations.

Indexed as

Drug OverdoseNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsCross-Sectional StudiesHumansNorth CarolinaNaloxoneNarcotic AntagonistsDisparitiesNaloxoneOverdose preventionRacial

Identifiers

PMID42426761
PMCPMC13637138

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.