Observational studySurgical endoscopy2026
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of recurrence and predictors after radical surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective observational study.
Observational study in Surgical endoscopy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPostoperative recurrence severely limits long-term survival after radical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and determinants of recurrence remain incompletely understood.
methodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective study of PDAC patients who underwent radical surgery at our institution between 2014 and 2024. Regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with temporal (early [≤ 1 year] vs. late [> 1 year] recurrence) and spatial (site of initial recurrence) heterogeneity.
resultsAmong 1,065 enrolled patients, 879 experienced recurrences, with cumulative recurrence rates of 55.7, 76.6, and 92.3% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Early recurrence occurred in 593 patients and late recurrence in 286. Initial recurrence patterns included local (22.4%), liver (52.3%), lung (5.8%), peritoneal (12.7%), and mixed/other metastases (6.7%). Male, poor tumor differentiation, advanced pathological stage, and lack of adjuvant therapy were independent factors for early recurrence. Liver and peritoneal metastases were independently associated with early recurrence and shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS), whereas lung metastasis correlated with later recurrence and longer RFS. Key factors influencing RFS varied by recurrence site: for local recurrence-poor differentiation, nodal metastasis, and no adjuvant therapy; for liver metastasis-larger tumor size, poor differentiation, nodal metastasis, and no adjuvant therapy; for lung metastasis-larger tumor size and nodal metastasis; for peritoneal metastasis-larger tumor size, surgical procedure, nodal metastasis, and no adjuvant therapy.
conclusionsPostoperative recurrence in PDAC demonstrates significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, with timing-specific and site-specific risk factors. These findings support tailored follow-up strategies and refined risk assessment for recurrent PDAC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42426397What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.