ArticleMikrochimica acta2026
Hands-free phosphoproteomics workflow with a high-throughput automated system enabled by superhydrophilic nanomaterials.
Article in Mikrochimica acta, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
We report the fabrication of superhydrophilic polymer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, Fe₃O₄@GMAG@NH₂@PO₃@Ti⁴⁺ (denoted as Ti⁴⁺-MagBeads), which are suitable for both SP3-based on-bead protein digestion and subsequent Ti⁴⁺-IMAC-based phosphopeptide enrichment in an integrated and automated workflow. The dextran-based polymer layer prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization provides abundant Ti⁴⁺ chelation sites while effectively suppressing nonspecific adsorption. In addition, the highly hydrophilic surface promotes protein immobilization under organic solvent-induced SP3 conditions, enabling seamless integration of on-bead digestion and phosphopeptide enrichment in an automation-compatible workflow. The Ti⁴⁺-MagBeads exhibit robust enrichment performance, including high selectivity (α-casein/BSA = 1:1000), high sensitivity (0.5 fmol), and high recovery (> 90%). Using the Orbitrap Astral Zoom/DIA platform, Ti⁴⁺-MagBeads enabled the identification of more than 5,000 phosphoproteins and over 31,000 phosphopeptides from as little as 1 µg of HeLa peptide input. These results demonstrate the applicability of the workflow to low-input phosphoproteomic analysis when coupled with high-sensitivity Orbitrap Astral/DIA acquisition. Furthermore, automated phosphoproteomic analysis of PD-1 antibody-treated rat subcutaneous melanoma FFPE tissues provided an initial assessment of treatment-associated phosphorylation changes, supporting the feasibility of this workflow for retrospective FFPE-based phosphoproteomic studies. Taken together, these results suggest that Ti⁴⁺-MagBeads offer a streamlined, integrated, and automation-compatible strategy for phosphopeptide enrichment and low-input FFPE-based phosphoproteomic analysis.
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