ArticleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine2026
Individual and Environmental Correlations with Vaccination Status in Canada: The COHESION study.
Article in Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the importance of vaccination, some individuals are not vaccinated due to multiple factors. This study expands on previous research by incorporating elements of the physical and social neighborhood to depict vaccination profiles based on urbanization degree, identifying additional correlations with COVID-19 vaccination status and offering a fresh perspective on this complex issue. This study used three datasets: the COHESION cohort's second phase, which is a comprehensive Canadian COVID-19 dataset, encompassing demographic and socioeconomic variables; and the CANUE and StatCan datasets for environmental and neighborhood metrics. Fully adjusted modified Poisson regression and stratified modeling by urbanization degree were applied to assess the association between individual and environmental variables and vaccination status. Among 18,355 participants, 3784 were non-vaccinated. Non-vaccination was highest in rural areas (29.51%) and lowest in large urban centers (15.18%). It was also lower among youth, higher in middle-aged groups (up to 50 years), and lower again in older age groups. Higher trust in health authorities was associated with lower prevalence of non-vaccination (PR: 0.31, 95% CI [0.30-0.33]), while being from visible minority groups was associated with higher prevalence (PR: 1.14, 95% CI [1.05-1.24]). High income and student status were linked to lower non-vaccination prevalence (PR: 0.91, 95% CI [0.85-0.97] and PR: 0.80, 95% CI [0.66-0.97]). Left-leaning individuals had lower prevalence of being non-vaccinated (PR: 0.61, 95% CI [0.56-0.68]). Interestingly, the impact of greenness varied by area type. More greenness in rural areas was associated with nearly twofold higher prevalence of non-vaccination in rural areas. Our analysis reveals the complex interplay of various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination decisions, emphasizing the importance of residential areas and urbanization. Understanding non-vaccinated profiles can help public health authorities develop targeted interventions. Individuals in remote and rural areas may face unique challenges in accessing healthcare and information, necessitating tailored interventions for these hard-to-reach areas. These associations should be interpreted cautiously, as they likely reflect context-specific structural factors rather than causal effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.