Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42423789›Full record

ArticleLung2026

Cigarette Smoke Extract Exposure Affects Innate Immune Response, Metabolic Rate, and Locomotor Activity of Drosophila melanogaster.

Periklis Marnas, Lydia Giannakou, Eleanna Pitaraki, Elpiniki Stergiopoulou, Panagiotis Tzamalas, Athanasios Stefanos Giannopoulos, Maria Anastasia Parlantza, Konstantinos Gourgoulianis, Chrissi Hatzoglou, Erasmia Rouka and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Lung, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Periklis MarnasDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Lydia GiannakouDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Eleanna PitarakiDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Elpiniki StergiopoulouDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Panagiotis TzamalasDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Athanasios Stefanos GiannopoulosDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Maria Anastasia ParlantzaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Konstantinos GourgoulianisDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Chrissi HatzoglouDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Erasmia RoukaDepartment of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece.
Stefan LüpoldDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Sotirios G ZarogiannisDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece. szarog@med.uth.gr.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-3244

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeCigarette smoke (CS) disrupts innate immune homeostasis through oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling, contributing to respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Because Drosophila melanogaster shares approximately 75% of disease-related human genes and possesses a well-characterized innate immune system without confounding adaptive responses, it represents a tractable model for investigating smoke-induced pathology.

methodsThis study examined the effects of developmental cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure on innate immune activation, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster.

resultsLarvae exposed to 10-50% CSE exhibited dose-dependent increases in crystal-cell activation and melanized wound area, indicating heightened innate immune responsiveness likely driven by CSE-induced oxidative stress and hematopoietic dysregulation. Locomotor activity, assessed by negative geotaxis, was impaired at moderate concentrations in both sexes, with females showing greater sensitivity at lower doses, reflecting sex-specific differences. Metabolic rate measurements revealed a significant hypermetabolic response exclusively in male flies at 50% CSE, consistent with an elevated oxidative detoxification burden and vulnerability in males.

conclusionCollectively, these findings demonstrate that CSE elicits a coordinated physiological stress response integrating immune activation with behavioral and metabolic dysfunction. This work supports Drosophila melanogaster as a translational model for dissecting the systemic consequences of smoke-induced innate immune dysregulation.

Indexed as

Drosophila melanogasterEnergy MetabolismImmunity, InnateLocomotionSmokeAnimalsBehavior, AnimalFemaleLarvaMaleOxidative StressSex FactorsSmokeCigarette smoke extractDrosophila melanogasterInnate immunityMelanizationOxidative stress

Identifiers

PMID42423789
PMCPMC13350137

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.