Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42422319›Full record

ArticleBMJ neurology open2026

Smoking and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in a Chinese case-control study.

Jia Nie, Susan Peters, Calvin B Ge, Lützen Portengen, Nathaniel Rothman, Wei Hu, Ruwei Ou, QianQian Wei, Lingyu Zhang, Yanbing Hou and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ neurology open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Jia NieInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9393-482X
Susan PetersInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Calvin B GeInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Lützen PortengenInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Nathaniel RothmanOccupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Wei HuOccupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Ruwei OuDepartment of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
QianQian WeiDepartment of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Lingyu ZhangDepartment of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yanbing HouCenter of Gerontology and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Qing Lan *Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Hui-Fang Shang *Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Roel Vermeulen *Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: While smoking is inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, its relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) remains unclear, particularly in Asian populations. We investigated these associations in a Chinese case-control study. Methods: We recruited newly diagnosed ALS (n=430), MSA (n=271), PD (n=523) cases and hospital-based controls (n=1033) in Sichuan, China. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between smoking and disease risks, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle and occupational factors. Results: Compared with never-smokers, the adjusted ORs and 95% CIs of ALS for current and former smokers were 1.00 (0.61 to 1.65) and 1.79 (1.01 to 3.17), respectively. For MSA, ORs were 1.27 (0.73 to 2.23) for current smokers and 2.54 (1.41 to 4.60) for former smokers. Individuals who quit within 4 years before diagnosis showed the highest risk of ALS (OR=1.93, 95% CI 0.96 to 3.88) and MSA (OR=2.09, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.93). For both ALS and MSA, no consistent trend was found with increasing smoking duration or pack-years. In contrast, ever-smokers had a significantly lower PD risk (OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.71), particularly current smokers (OR=0.30, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.48). Longer smoking duration and higher cumulative smoking were also linked to PD risk with clear negative exposure-response patterns (P Conclusions: Consistent with findings in non-Asian populations, smoking was inversely associated with PD risks in the Chinese population. For ALS and MSA, we found evidence suggestive of positive relationships with cigarette smoking, but no clear exposure-response relationships were observed.

Indexed as

ALSMULTISYSTEM ATROPHYPARKINSON'S DISEASE

Identifiers

PMID42422319
PMCPMC13343102

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.