ArticleBrain and behavior2026
Theory of Mind and Information Processing Speed in Multiple Sclerosis: Associations With Personality Traits.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCognitive impairment, particularly decreased information processing speed (IPS), is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). Social cognition (SC) is also affected, but it is less studied, and the influence of personality traits on theory of mind (ToM), a key component of SC, and IPS remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined how IPS and ToM are associated with personality traits, demographic factors, and clinical factors in people with MS (PwMS).
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 100 PwMS attending a tertiary MS clinic in Isfahan, Iran. Demographic (age, sex, education, employment, marital status) and clinical data (disease type, duration, disability, and treatment) were collected. Personality traits were evaluated using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (FFI), ToM using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), and IPS using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Spearman correlations and linear regression analysis were used to examine associations.
resultsThe SDMT was correlated positively with the RMET (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and Conscientiousness (r = 0.31, p = 0.001) and negatively with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (r = -0.33, p < 0.001). The RMET was correlated with Extraversion (r = 0.31, p = 0.002), Agreeableness (r = 0.31, p = 0.002), Conscientiousness (r = 0.35, p < 0.001), and Openness (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analyses, the SDMT was associated with higher RMET (B = 0.37, p = 0.009) and lower EDSS (B = -1.98, p = 0.004). The RMET was associated with Openness (B = 0.43, p < 0.001), Agreeableness (B = 0.17, p = 0.020), and Conscientiousness (B = 0.18, p = 0.006).
conclusionToM was associated with personality traits, while IPS was associated with ToM performance and disability. Taken together, these cross-sectional associations suggest that cognitive functioning in MS may relate to both brain- and person-related factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.