ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2026
Integrated PANoptosis Profiling Identifies Immunosuppressive Subtypes and a Prognostic Signature With Functional Validation of MLKL in Glioblastoma.
Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) remains highly unfavorable, largely due to high tumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, the functional role of PANoptosis in this context is poorly understood.
methodsPatients were stratified via K-means clustering. A risk score model was constructed using prognosis-associated genes identified by Cox regression and validated in independent cohorts. Immune infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiled the tumor microenvironment. Functional assays were performed following MLKL knockdown.
resultTwo molecular subtypes based on PANoptosis-related genes were identified, with distinct survival and immune features. A five-gene (MLKL, YWHAG, GZMB, ELANE, CASP4) risk score served as an independent prognostic factor. The high-risk group exhibited an inflamed yet dysfunctional tumor immune microenvironment, marked by higher PD-L1 expression, T cell dysfunction, and Merck18 score. scRNA-seq confirmed elevated activity of PANoptosis in GBM. Finally, MLKL knockdown was shown to suppress malignant phenotypes and induce apoptosis.
conclusionOur findings link PANoptosis to GBM heterogeneity, providing a prognostic model and nominating MLKL as a key functional mediator, which may inform patient stratification and the development of targeted therapies.
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