ArticleBMC psychology2026
Development of the clientelistic orientation (individual-level) scale: the effect of clientelistic orientation on university students' future anxiety and the moderating role of spiritual psychological resilience.
Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a psychometric tool to assess individuals' clientelistic orientation and to examine the relationship between clientelistic orientation and future anxiety among university students, together with the moderating role of spiritual psychological resilience. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first stage, data obtained from 540 university students were used to develop the Clientelistic Orientation (Individual-Level) Scale and to examine its psychometric properties. Results from the factor analyses suggested that the scale exhibited a unidimensional structure with acceptable internal consistency, composite reliability, and construct validity indicators. In the second stage, the relationship between clientelistic orientation and future anxiety was examined using data collected from 307 university students. The direct effect of clientelistic orientation on future anxiety was not statistically significant after the interaction term was included in the model. However, moderation analysis suggested that the association between clientelistic orientation and future anxiety varied according to levels of spiritual psychological resilience. More specifically, the positive association between clientelistic orientation and future anxiety appeared to become stronger at higher levels of spiritual psychological resilience, although the interaction effect was modest in magnitude. Given the cross-sectional nature of the study and the small size of the interaction effect, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. The study contributes to the literature by providing preliminary evidence regarding a potential conditional association between clientelistic orientation, future anxiety, and spiritual psychological resilience among university students.
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