ArticleArchives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique2026
Associations of sociodemographic and behavioral factors with frailty transition patterns: a multi-state Markov analysis of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).
Article in Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundFrailty state is dynamic and reversible, but there is a lack of clarity about the patterns of frailty transition and its influencing factors. This study aimed to investigate frailty transitions and the impact of sociodemographic and behavioral factors on these transitions in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.
methodsWe used five-wave data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and 20,140 Chinese adults aged ≥ 45 years were included. Frailty was assessed using a 35-item frailty index. A multi-state Markov model was used to systematically analyze the transition patterns of frailty states (robust, prefrail, frail) and death, and to explore the associations of sociodemographic and behavioral factors with frailty transitions.
resultsAmong the 20,140 participants at baseline, the proportions of robust, prefrailty, and frailty were 30.4%, 51.8%, and 17.8%, respectively. In the short term, participants tended to remain in their original state, while over time, the probability of deterioration and recovery increased significantly. Increasing age [HR (hazard ratio): 1.02; 95% CI (confidence interval): 1.02-1.02], being female (1.39, 1.27-1.53), living in a rural area (1.34, 1.26-1.42), being illiterate (1.21, 1.12-1.30), current smoking (1.11, 1.01-1.21), and sleep < 6 or > 8 h (1.23, 1.16-1.30) increased the risk of frailty deterioration. While current drinking (0.92, 0.86-0.99) reduced the risk of frailty deterioration. Stratified analyses by age and gender showed consistent results with the main analysis.
conclusionsTargeted interventions should be developed for at-risk populations and intervenable behavioral factors should be taken to slow or reverse the progression of frailty.
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