Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42419887›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2026

Greenhouse gas emissions from surgical care: a retrospective cohort study of scope 1 and scope 2 emissions across specialties and operative approaches.

Yoshimasa Akashi, Kumiko Yamada, Koichi Ogawa, Yohei Owada, Tsuyoshi Enomoto, Kinji Furuya, Shinji Hashimoto, Kazuhiro Takahashi, Osamu Shimomura, Yoshihiro Miyazaki and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Yoshimasa AkashiGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan yakashi@gwe.md.tsukuba.ac.jp.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-3816
Kumiko YamadaSurgical Operation Division, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Koichi OgawaGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Yohei OwadaGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Tsuyoshi EnomotoGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Kinji FuruyaGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Shinji HashimotoGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Kazuhiro TakahashiGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Osamu ShimomuraGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Yoshihiro MiyazakiGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
Tatsuya OdaGastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, University of Tsukuba Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo quantify Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with surgical care and identify key modifiable drivers at the institutional level, including operative duration and operating room (OR) type.

designRetrospective cohort study.

settingA tertiary university hospital with 17 ORs in Japan.

participantsAll 6996 elective surgeries were performed under general anaesthesia between 1 January and 31 December 2022. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was per-case total Scope 1 and Scope 2 carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO

resultsTotal emissions were 1943.4 t CO

conclusionsAnaesthetic choice and infrastructure-related energy demand are the principal determinants of surgical GHG emissions. Within direct and energy-related emissions, reducing volatile anaesthetic use and optimising OR energy consumption-particularly during non-operative periods-represent the most effective strategies for emission reduction.

Indexed as

Air Pollution, IndoorGreenhouse GasesOperating RoomsCarbon DioxideCarbon FootprintHumansJapanOperative TimeRetrospective StudiesCarbon DioxideGreenhouse GasesHealth policyOperating RoomsOrganisation of health servicesPUBLIC HEALTH

Identifiers

PMID42419887
PMCPMC13347822

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.