Integrated SERS and Machine Learning Workflow for Nanoplastic Detection on a Plasmonic Membrane.

Nanoplastics pose increasing health risks, necessitating sensitive and reliable detection methods. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) offers high sensitivity and molecular fingerprinting capabilities, but faces challenges in variability and data interpretation complexity, particularly for large analytes such as micro- and nanoplastics. Here, we propose an analytical framework that combines a SERS-active plasmonic membrane─nanopaper functionalized with gold nanorods─ with a machine learning pipeline for the automated and semiquantitative detection of nanoplastics. The membrane format enables simultaneous collection and concentration of PMMA nanoplastics from aqueous samples. Our fully automated machine learning pipeline─integrating principal component analysis (PCA), Isolation Forests, K-means clustering, and an ExtraTrees classifier achieving 95% accuracy─enables interpretable, semiquantitative detection of PMMA nanoplastics without manual spectral analysis. Additionally, we incorporated an interpretability algorithm that identifies the vibrational modes driving the machine learning classification, yielding chemically validated and trustable predictions. After processing and interpreting the data with machine learning, semiquantification becomes feasible through peak-intensity calibration curves, with an estimated limit of detection of 0.02 μg mL