What We Owe: A Liberatory Ethics of Harm Reduction.

Needle exchange programs and other harm reduction interventions are typically defended on utilitarian grounds or through appeals to liberal autonomy. These defenses are valid but insufficient. They reduce persons to cost calculations or presuppose an unencumbered agent abstracted from the conditions under which people arrive at the encounter. I argue that trauma-informed care principles, Freirean critical pedagogy, and the concept of epistemic injustice provide a more ethically coherent foundation for harm reduction. The argument proceeds in four stages. First, I establish that trauma-informed care principles constitute ethical demands of just encounter under conditions of power asymmetry and institutional violation, not technical responses to a presumed etiology. Second, I reframe harm reduction as problem-posing public health praxis in which people who inject drugs are recognized as knowing subjects, not passive recipients of expert intervention. Third, I reconceive the communitarian objection to needle exchange as a form of hermeneutical injustice requiring expansion of the moral community. Finally, I articulate implications for nursing ethics, education, and practice. The resulting framework shifts the moral question from permissibility to obligation. Trial Registration: Not applicable.