ArticleBrain and behavior2026
Semiology of Functional Seizures: Sex-Related Differences.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundWhile functional seizures (FSs) are far more common among women, previous studies found only a few differences between the two sex groups in relation to semiological characteristics. PURPOSE: To compare motor FS semiology between men and women.
methodsThirty consecutive females and 28 consecutive males who underwent video-electroencephalogram and were diagnosed with FSs (without akinetic/dialeptic seizures) were included in this study. Semiology was classified into generalized motor, subjective symptoms, and focal motor. In addition, the involvement of limbs, head, face, and pelvis, as well as the presence of hyperventilation, crying, and pre-ictal freeze, was compared in occurrence between females and males. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
resultsNo significant difference was found in the duration of seizures. Also, age at admission and duration of disease did not differ significantly between the groups. Crying and pre-ictal freeze were significantly more prevalent among females.
conclusionCrying and pre-ictal freeze are more common among females. These findings are consistent with sex-related differences in trauma-related defensive responses within the freeze-discharge framework of FSs.
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