Trial reportEuropean journal of pediatrics2026
Effects of classical music on physiological parameters and anxiety in adolescents during transthoracic echocardiography: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Classical music is increasingly used as a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce procedural anxiety. Although transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a noninvasive imaging modality, it may cause mild anticipatory stress in adolescents, particularly during first-time examinations. A total of 168 adolescents (10-19 years) undergoing TTE between December 2024 and March 2025 were randomized to a music group (slow-tempo classical music before and during TTE) or a control group. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before, during, and after the procedure, and anxiety was assessed post-procedure using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). State and trait anxiety scores were similar between groups (p > 0.05). Heart rate decreased significantly during TTE in the music group (p < 0.05) but not in controls. Both groups showed reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the procedure (p < 0.05).
conclusionListening to classical music during TTE was not associated with a reduction in self-reported anxiety but was linked to a significant decrease in heart rate. These findings suggest a potential modulatory effect on physiological stress responses. Music may serve as a simple, safe adjunct to improve patient comfort during pediatric cardiac imaging. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Music interventions may reduce anxiety and physiological stress during medical procedures in pediatric patients. WHAT IS NEW: • In adolescents undergoing transthoracic echocardiography, classical music was associated with a significant reduction in heart rate but not anxiety scores in this randomized controlled trial.
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