ReviewAfrican journal of primary health care & family medicine2026
A review on prospects, challenges, stakeholders and strategies for the implementation of water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4.
Review in African journal of primary health care & family medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a human right and a main driver of social well-being, economic progress and public health. This study presents a narrative review on the prospects, challenges, stakeholders and strategies regarding WASH implementation in developing countries. A literature search approach, fully dependent on the availability of data from secondary sources, has been adopted for the study. Improved sanitation and hygiene education from WASH boost health, learning and school attendance. However, equity, cost and maintenance are some of the barriers to WASH. Furthermore, success requires long-term investment, community engagement, collaboration across sectors, schools with infrastructure to support WASH, health education, monitoring of water quality and funding for sustainability mechanisms. This study contributes to the literature by revealing the prospects, challenges, stakeholders and strategies for the implementation of WASH in developing countries. This study will provide empirical data for researchers and policymakers towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.