Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42416678›Full record

ArticleJCPP advances2026

Trends in the incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and early risk factors.

Marika Leppänen, Miika Vuori, Bernd Pape, Anniina Kaittila, Siiri-Liisi Kraav, Tommi Tolmunen, Merja Anis, Max Karukivi, Päivi Rautava

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Article in JCPP advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Marika LeppänenDepartment of Psychiatric and Public Health University of Turku Turku University Hospital Turku Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-8533
Miika VuoriResearch Unit Social Insurance Institution of Finland Helsinki Finland.
Bernd PapeDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics University of Vaasa Vaasa Finland.
Anniina KaittilaDepartment of Social Sciences University of Turku Turku Finland.
Siiri-Liisi KraavDepartment of Social Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland.
Tommi TolmunenDepartment of Adolescent Psychiatry Faculty of Health School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland.
Merja AnisDepartment of Social Science University of Turku Turku Finland.
Max KarukiviDepartment of Adolescent Psychiatry University of Turku Turku University Hospital Turku Finland.
Päivi RautavaResearch Services Turku University Hospital Public Health University of Turku Turku Finland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Few studies have used nationwide registry data from both primary and secondary healthcare services to examine the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children while accounting for early risk factors. We aimed to investigate trends in ADHD diagnoses and associated risk factors. Methods: This study utilized data from population-based registers, comprising children born between 2001 and 2006 ( Results: The cumulative incidence of ADHD diagnosis at 0-12 years was 4.0% (3.9-4.0%) for the entire study ( Conclusion: The cumulative incidence of ADHD diagnoses in healthcare has been increasing. While psychosocial risk factors are associated with an elevated risk of receiving an ADHD diagnosis, other factors may also contribute to the rising diagnostic rates.

Indexed as

attention deficit hyperactivity disorderdiagnosisepidemiology

Identifiers

PMID42416678
PMCPMC13339198

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.