Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42416554›Full record

ArticlePain reports2026

Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials of extended reality for pain.

Giulia Mesaroli, Courtney W Hess, Fahad Alam, Nancy A Baker, Luana Colloca, Christopher Eccleston, Lauren Harris, Christopher King, Delane Linkiewich, Sofia Olaizola and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pain reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Giulia MesaroliDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6583-5082
Courtney W HessDepartment of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Fahad AlamDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Nancy A BakerDepartment of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Luana CollocaDepartment of Pain and Translational Symptom Science and Placebo Beyond Opinion Center, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Christopher EcclestonCentre for Pain Research, The University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
Lauren HarrisChild Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Christopher KingDivision of Behavioral Health and Clinical Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Delane LinkiewichDepartment of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Sofia OlaizolaChild Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Naveen PoonaiDepartments of Paediatrics and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
Nicole PopeChild Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Brittany N RosenbloomDepartment of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Tasha R StantonIIMPACT in Health Research Concentration, School of Allied Health and Human Performance, College of Health, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia.
Zina TrostDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Sara E WilliamsDepartment of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Laura E SimonsDepartment of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Deirdre LoganDepartment of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Jennifer N StinsonChild Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9969-8052

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The number of clinical trials of extended reality (XR), including virtual and augmented reality, for pain has exponentially increased in the past 2 decades. To synthesize findings across studies and assess the effectiveness of XR interventions, a core outcome set (COS) is needed. Prior work identified 7 core outcome domains for XR trials in pain through a systematic review and consensus process. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish a finalized COS of outcome measures (adult and pediatric) for XR trials for pain (acute, recurrent, and chronic). Methods: First, potential outcome measures were identified for each core domain through literature reviews. Second, a Delphi study was conducted with experts who rated suitability of each measure. Third, an expert consensus conference (including clinicians, researchers, and people with lived experience) was held to review the measurement properties of each candidate measure and to vote on a final COS of measures for XR. Results: A total of 52 experts participated in the Delphi survey and 15 attended the consensus conference. Among participants, 8 (52%) specialised in pediatric populations, 5 (33%) in adult populations, and 2 (15%) across the lifespan. Within each outcome domain, 2 to 4 measures with the highest rated suitability were selected as candidates. Consensus was achieved on a final COS consisting of 10 measures for pediatric trials and 8 for adult trials. Conclusion: This is a promising and necessary step to advance the field of XR pain research and better understand the effectiveness of XR for pain.

Indexed as

Augmented realityCore outcome setExtended realityMeasurementPsychometricVirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID42416554
PMCPMC13340730

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.