ArticleImmunology2026
Soluble Immune Checkpoints and Anti-HLA Antibodies in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations With Kidney Function.
Article in Immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage renal disease. Soluble immune checkpoints (sICs) may serve as key immune regulators and potential biomarkers in transplantation. In this study, frozen serum samples from kidney transplant recipients (n = 30) at pre-transplantation (day 0) and post-transplantation (days 3 and 7), along with samples from healthy controls (HCs, n = 15), were analysed for sICs (sCD25, s4-1BB, sCD86, active TGF-β1, sCTLA-4, sPD-L1, sPD-1, sTIM-3, sLAG-3, galectin-9, sCD27, and sPD-L2) using a flow cytometry-based multiplex bead assay. To assess alloimmune sensitisation, anti-HLA panel-reactive antibody (PRA) levels were measured in transplant recipients. Kidney function was evaluated retrospectively by serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, CKD-EPI). All data were analysed to investigate their associations with kidney function. Pre-transplant patients had significantly higher serum levels of sCD25, sPD-L1, sTIM-3, Galectin-9, sCD27, and sPD-L2 compared to HCs. Post-transplant, sCD25, sPD-L1, sTIM-3, Galectin-9, sCD27, sPD-L2, and sCD86 showed significant temporal changes. Conversely, s4-1BB, sLAG-3, sCTLA-4, active TGF-β1, and sPD-1 levels showed no temporal changes and were comparable to HCs. Notably, PRA-positive patients exhibited higher sTIM-3 levels. Correlation and subgroup analyses based on eGFR revealed that higher levels sLAG-3 and sCTLA-4 levels were associated with better kidney function, while higher sCD25 and Galectin-9 levels were linked with poorer function. These findings suggest a link between sICs and renal function in the early post-transplant period, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to evaluate their clinical utility in improving transplant outcomes.
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