SynthesisClinical pharmacokinetics2026
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Model-Informed Dose Optimization of Anakinra in Preterm Neonates Implications for Safe and Effective Dosing.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveAnakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), has been used clinically for over 20 years, with growing interest in repurposing it across diverse indications. However, clinical dosing strategies for anakinra are variable, with limited pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) knowledge across patient populations and administration routes available. This systematic review aimed to summarise clinical PK and PD characteristics of anakinra and identify research gaps.
methodsA systematic search of Medline, Embase, and other databases was conducted to identify clinical studies reporting the PK, PD, efficacy, and safety of anakinra. Following the application of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 articles were included in the review. Extracted data from these studies were converted into uniform units to enable cross-study comparison, and a descriptive synthesis was performed. All included studies were assessed for risk of bias.
resultsData were categorised into three groups: noncompartmental analysis (NCA) PK parameters, model-informed PK/PD parameters, and exposure-response (ER) relationships. Across all studies, anakinra demonstrated linear PK following both intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration, with high SC bioavailability and flip-flop kinetics. Covariate analyses from NCA and PK models consistently identified body weight and renal function as key determinants of anakinra PK variability, with clearance increasing with body weight and decreasing with worsening renal function. ER analyses identify a potential target exposure corresponding to an average steady-state concentration (C
conclusionsOverall, this review highlights substantial gaps in the clinical PK/PD knowledge on anakinra, and model robustness. Future studies, integrating physiologically informed covariates, improved biomarker strategies, and comprehensive ER data, are essential to support model-informed dosing for anakinra repurposing across populations and administration routes. These would facilitate the safety and efficacy of anakinra therapy across diverse populations.
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Registered trials
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