Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42414309›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Two-dimensional pixel-level addressable mid-infrared metasurface spatial light modulator.

Cosmin-Constantin Popescu, Maarten Robbert Anton Peters, Oleg Maksimov, Harish B Bhandari, Rashi Sharma, Kathleen A Richardson, Arka Majumdar, Hyun Jung Kim, Rui Chen, Khoi Phuong Dao and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Cosmin-Constantin PopescuDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8575-4781
Maarten Robbert Anton PetersDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-0563
Oleg MaksimovRadiation Monitoring Devices, Inc., Watertown, MA, USA.
Harish B BhandariRadiation Monitoring Devices, Inc., Watertown, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0549
Rashi SharmaThe College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
Kathleen A RichardsonThe College of Optics & Photonics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
Arka MajumdarDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Hyun Jung KimThe Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea.
Rui ChenDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Khoi Phuong DaoDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2584-1979
Luigi RannoDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-3022
Brian MillsDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Dennis M CalahanThe Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
Tian GuDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-6927
Juejun HuDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. hujuejun@mit.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-3918

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) RS-2025-00515651National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) RS-2025-02213804National Science Foundation (NSF) 2132929National Science Foundation (NSF) 2329088United States Department of Defense | U.S. Air Force (United States Air Force) FA2394-23-C-5076
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Active metasurfaces enable dynamic control of light for applications in beam steering, pixelated holography, and adaptive optics, but demonstrations of two-dimensional electrically addressable arrays have so far been limited. Here we introduce a scalable two-dimensional architecture based on phase-change materials integrated metasurfaces and apply it to realize the first transmissive mid-infrared amplitude-only spatial light modulator. The device is fabricated through standard silicon photonic foundry processing combined with backend-of-line integration and employs multilayer backend metal interconnects to implement a crossbar addressing scheme. Each pixel is integrated with a silicon diode selector to suppress sneak-path currents, a feature essential for scaling to large arrays. The result establishes a foundry-compatible route to high-density, large-area active metasurfaces with independently tunable pixels.

Identifiers

PMID42414309
PMCPMC13473556

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.