SynthesisExpert reviews in molecular medicine2026
Increased Insulin Resistance and Hyperglycaemia in Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Expert reviews in molecular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that long COVID (LC) is mediated by chronic immune activation, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. These processes may impair glucose homeostasis and promote insulin resistance (IR). However, no prior meta-analysis has systematically and quantitatively evaluated IR indices and related biomarkers in LC compared with normal controls.
objectivesTo systematically review and meta-analyse IR indices including HOMA-IR, HOMA-%B, HOMA-%S, insulin, fasting and random blood sugar (FBG, RBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide and adipokine levels in individuals with LC compared with normal controls.
methodsPubMed, SCOPUS, SciFinder and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies from inception to September 2025. Fifty-six eligible studies were included, comprising 9623 participants, 5340 LC patients and 4283 normal controls.
resultsLC disease is characterized by elevated HOMA-IR (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.539; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.311; 0.766), insulin (SMD = 0.424; 95% CI: 0.113; 0.735), FBG and RBS (SMD = 0.734; 95% CI: 0.190; 1.277, SMD = 0.325; 95% CI: 0.133; 0.517). Furthermore, reduced HOMA-%S was observed in LC patients versus normal controls. Publication bias was generally low, though evidence of small-study effects was observed for several outcomes. The Immunological Confounder Scale was employed to evaluate study quality, revealing an overall intermediate methodological quality.
conclusionsOur results show that LC is associated with multiple abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, including increased HOMA-IR, hyperglycaemia and impaired insulin sensitivity indices, sustained metabolic disturbances beyond the acute phase.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.